Housing Costs Continue to Drive Inflation

Inflation picked up again in October, showing the last mile to the 2% target will be the hardest. Shelter costs remained the main driver of inflation, accounting for over 65% of the 12-month increase in the all items less food and energy index. However, the year-over-year change in the shelter index has been below 5% for the second consecutive month, signaling some moderation in housing inflation.

While the Fed’s interest rate cuts could help ease some pressure on the housing market, its ability to address rising housing costs is limited, as these increases are driven by a lack of affordable supply and increasing development costs. In fact, tight monetary policy hurts housing supply because it increases the cost of AD&C financing. This can be seen on the graph below, as shelter costs continue to rise at an elevated pace despite Fed policy tightening. Additional housing supply is the primary solution to tame housing inflation.

Furthermore, the 2024 election result has put inflation back in the spotlight and added some downside risks to the economic outlook. Proposed tax cuts and tariffs could increase inflationary pressures, suggesting a more gradual easing cycle with a slightly higher terminal federal funds rate. Given the housing market’s sensitivity to interest rates, this could extend affordability crisis and constrain housing supply as builders continue to grapple with lingering supply chain challenges.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the Consumer Price Index (CPI) rose by 0.2% in October on a seasonally adjusted basis, the same increase seen over the previous three months. Excluding the volatile food and energy components, the “core” CPI increased by 0.3% in October, the same increase as in August and September.

The price index for a broad set of energy sources remained unchanged in October, with declines in gasoline (-0.9%) and fuel oil (-4.6%) offset by increases in electricity (+1.2%) and natural gas (+0.3%). Meanwhile, the food index rose 0.2%, after a 0.4% increase in September. The index for food away from home increased by 0.2% and the index for food at home rose by 0.1%.

The index for shelter (+0.4%) was the largest contributor to the monthly increase in all items index, accounting for over 50% of the total increase. Other top contributors that rose in October include indexes for used cars and trucks (+2.7%), airline fares (+3.2%), medical care (+0.3%) and recreation (+0.4%). Meanwhile, the top contributors that experienced a decline include indexes for apparel (-1.5%), communication (-0.6%) and household furnishings and operations (-0.1%).

The index for shelter makes up more than 40% of the “core” CPI. The index saw a 0.4% rise in October, following an increase of 0.2% in September. The indexes for owners’ equivalent rent (OER) and rent of primary residence (RPR) increased by 0.4% and 0.3% over the month. These gains have been the largest contributors to headline inflation in recent months. 

During the past twelve months, on a non-seasonally adjusted basis, the CPI rose by 2.6% in October, following a 2.4% increase in September. The “core” CPI increased by 3.3% over the past twelve months, the same increase as in September. The food index rose by 2.1%, while the energy index fell by 4.9%.

NAHB constructs a “real” rent index to indicate whether inflation in rents is faster or slower than overall inflation. It provides insight into the supply and demand conditions for rental housing. When inflation in rents is rising faster than overall inflation, the real rent index rises and vice versa. The real rent index is calculated by dividing the price index for rent by the core CPI (to exclude the volatile food and energy components).

In October, the Real Rent Index remained unchanged for the second consecutive month. Over the first ten months of 2024, the monthly growth rate of the Real Rent Index averaged 0.1%, slower than the average of 0.2% in 2023.